What Are Microplastics and Why Are They Harmful?

You’ve likely heard the term "microplastics," but what exactly are they? Microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5 millimeters long. They are a pervasive and growing environmental problem, posing a threat to wildlife and human health.

Where Do They Come From?

Microplastics come from two main sources:

• Primary Microplastics: These are plastics that are intentionally manufactured to be small. A common example is microbeads, which were used in exfoliating face washes and toothpaste until they were banned in many countries.
• Secondary Microplastics: These are the result of larger plastic items breaking down. This includes everything from plastic bottles and bags degrading in the sun to synthetic clothing fibers shedding in the wash.

Why Are They a Problem?

Their tiny size is what makes microplastics so insidious. They are easily ingested by marine life, who mistake them for food. These plastics can cause internal injuries and starvation. As they move up the food chain, they bioaccumulate, meaning they become more concentrated in larger predators—including humans.

Additionally, microplastics act like sponges for toxic chemicals in the environment, such as pesticides and heavy metals. When animals or humans ingest these plastics, they also ingest a concentrated dose of these toxins.

How Can You Help?

While the problem is huge, individual actions matter.

1. Reduce Plastic Consumption: The most effective action is to use less plastic overall.
2. Wash Synthetic Clothes Less: When you do wash them, use a laundry bag or filter designed to capture microfibers (like a Guppyfriend bag).
3. Avoid Products with Microbeads: Although banned in many places, check ingredient lists for "polyethylene" or "polypropylene."
4. Participate in Cleanups: Help remove larger plastics from beaches and rivers before they have a chance to break down.

Understanding the problem of microplastics is the first step toward being part of the solution.